The global transition toward clean and low-carbon energy systems is driving demand for batteries with higher energy density, enhanced safety, longer service life, and reduced cost. Meeting these requirements depends increasingly on accurate, reliable, and real-time measurements of battery performance, degradation, and safety throughout the entire lifecycle. Battery sensing is undergoing a fundamental transformation-from external to internal sensing, from physical to chemical measurements, and from single-parameter acquisition to coordinated multi-parameter monitoring.

This Special Session will address emerging measurement approaches that provide direct or indirect access to internal battery parameters, including temperature, strain, pressure, ion concentration, chemical composition, gas generation, and electrochemical reactions. Particular emphasis will be placed on operando, in situ, non-invasive, high-resolution, distributed, and multimodal sensing. These capabilities open new pathways for tracking the dynamic evolution of materials and interfaces under realistic operating conditions, detecting early signatures of degradation and failure, and establishing quantitative relationships between internal physicochemical processes and macroscopic battery performance.

By bringing together measurement science, photonics, electrochemistry, data science, and battery engineering, the session will promote interdisciplinary discussion on fundamental sensing mechanisms, sensor architectures, signal processing, data fusion, and intelligent interpretation. Contributions demonstrating applications in battery diagnostics, state estimation, lifetime prediction, degradation analysis, safety monitoring, and next-generation battery management systems are particularly encouraged.